C & C++ Programming Notes for Freshers & Beginners

➡️➡️C - Programming (Printed) Notes


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➡️➡️C++ (Printed) Notes


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C & C++ Programming Notes for Freshers & Beginners

Introduction to C and C++

C Programming Language:

  • Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the early 1970s.
  • Known for its efficiency, C is a general-purpose programming language that is widely used in system programming, operating systems, and embedded systems.
  • Key Characteristics: Procedural language, low-level access to memory, a small set of keywords, and a robust set of operators.

C++ Programming Language:

  • Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s as an extension of C.
  • C++ adds object-oriented features to C, making it suitable for complex software development.
  • Key Characteristics: Supports both procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms, extensive standard library, and features like classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.

C Programming Basics

1. Basic Structure of a C Program:

c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    // Your code goes here
    printf("Hello, World!");
    return 0;
}
  • #include <stdio.h>: Preprocessor directive that includes the Standard Input Output library.
  • int main(): The main function where the execution of the program begins.
  • printf(): A function used to print text to the console.
  • return 0; Indicates that the program executed successfully.

2. Data Types:

  • Basic Data Types: int, float, double, char.
  • Modifiers: signed, unsigned, short, long.

3. Variables and Constants:

  • Variables: Containers for storing data values.
  • Declaration: int num;
  • Initialization: num = 10; or int num = 10;
  • Constants: const int MAX = 100;

4. Operators:

  • Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
  • Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
  • Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
  • Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
  • Increment/Decrement Operators: ++, --

5. Control Structures:

  • If-Else Statement:
    c
    if (condition) {
    // Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
    // Code to execute if condition is false
}
  • Switch Case:
    c
    switch (expression) {
    case value1:
        // Code
        break;
    case value2:
        // Code
        break;
    default:
        // Default code
}
  • Loops:
    • For Loop:
      c
      for (initialization; condition; increment) {
    // Code to execute repeatedly
}
    • While Loop:
      c
      while (condition) {
    // Code to execute as long as condition is true
}
    • Do-While Loop:
      c
      do {
    // Code
} while (condition);

6. Functions:

  • Function Declaration:
    c
    return_type function_name(parameter_list);
  • Function Definition:
    c
    return_type function_name(parameter_list) {
    // Function body
    return value;
}
  • Example:
    c
    int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

C++ Programming Basics

1. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

  • Class: Blueprint for creating objects.
  • Object: Instance of a class.
  • Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within one unit, a class.
  • Inheritance: Mechanism by which one class can inherit attributes and methods from another class.
  • Polymorphism: Ability to take many forms; methods can behave differently based on the object they are acting upon.
  • Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features.

2. Basic Structure of a C++ Program:

cpp
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    // Your code goes here
    cout << "Hello, World!";
    return 0;
}
  • #include <iostream>: Preprocessor directive that includes the Input-Output stream library.
  • using namespace std; Allows the program to use all the entities in the std namespace.
  • cout: Used to output (print) text to the console.
  • cin: Used to take input from the user.

3. Classes and Objects:

  • Class Declaration:
    cpp
    class ClassName {
public:
    // Access specifier
    // Attributes
    // Methods
};
  • Object Creation:
    cpp
    ClassName objectName;
  • Example:
    cpp
    class Car {
public:
    string brand;
    string model;
    int year;

    void honk() {
        cout << "Beep Beep!" << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Car myCar;
    myCar.brand = "Toyota";
    myCar.model = "Corolla";
    myCar.year = 2020;
    myCar.honk();
    return 0;
}

4. Constructors and Destructors:

  • Constructor: A special function that is automatically called when an object is created.
    cpp
    class MyClass {
public:
    MyClass() { // Constructor
        cout << "Object created!" << endl;
    }
};
  • Destructor: A special function called when an object is destroyed.
    cpp
    class MyClass {
public:
    ~MyClass() { // Destructor
        cout << "Object destroyed!" << endl;
    }
};

5. Inheritance:

  • Syntax:
    cpp
    class DerivedClass : accessSpecifier BaseClass {
    // Class members
};
  • Example:
    cpp
    class Vehicle {
public:
    string brand = "Ford";
    void honk() {
        cout << "Beep Beep!" << endl;
    }
};

class Car : public Vehicle {
public:
    string model = "Mustang";
};

int main() {
    Car myCar;
    myCar.honk();
    cout << myCar.brand + " " + myCar.model << endl;
    return 0;
}

6. Polymorphism:

  • Compile-time Polymorphism (Function Overloading):
    cpp
    class Math {
public:
    int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }
    int add(int a, int b, int c) {
        return a + b + c;
    }
};
  • Run-time Polymorphism (Virtual Functions):
    cpp
    class Animal {
public:
    virtual void sound() {
        cout << "Animal sound!" << endl;
    }
};

class Dog : public Animal {
public:
    void sound() override {
        cout << "Woof Woof!" << endl;
    }
};

7. Standard Template Library (STL):

  • Containers: Predefined data structures like vector, list, deque, set, map.
  • Iterators: Objects that point to elements within containers.
  • Algorithms: Functions that perform operations like searching, sorting, counting, etc., on data.

Example:

cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    vector<int> v = {4, 2, 5, 1, 3};
    sort(v.begin(), v.end());
    for (int i : v) {
        cout << i << " ";
    }
    return 0;
}

Conclusion

Understanding the basics of C and C++ programming lays a strong foundation for more advanced concepts in software development. As a beginner, focus on grasping the fundamental syntax, control structures, and the concepts of object-oriented programming. Practice regularly by writing simple programs and gradually challenge yourself with more complex projects. Happy coding!